See also: Timeline of the history of the scientific method Aristotle (384–322 BCE). Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry (nor to the same degree), and they are not always in the same order. Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps, it represents rather a set of general principles. There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method, however. : Book I, pp.372, 408 Experiments can take place anywhere from a garage to a remote mountaintop to CERN's Large Hadron Collider. The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the expectations deduced from a hypothesis.
A scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment or observation that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis otherwise, the hypothesis cannot be meaningfully tested. Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments or studies.
The hypothesis might be very specific, or it might be broad. A hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question. The process in the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypothetical explanations), deriving predictions from the hypotheses as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions. Īlthough procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, the underlying process is frequently the same from one field to another. These are principles of the scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific enterprises. It involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations the testability of hypotheses, experimental and the measurement-based statistical testing of deductions drawn from the hypotheses and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century (with notable practitioners in previous centuries see the article history of scientific method for additional detail.) It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticism about what is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation.
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